source(system.file("Rsource", "GIG.R", package="copula"))## ../inst/Rsource/GIG.R
require(copula)
require(bbmle)
require(lattice)
require(grid)
source(system.file("Rsource", "utils.R", package="copula", mustWork=TRUE))##-> showProc.time() ..
doPDF <- FALSE ## set 'do.profile' below -- *visibly*
##' Initial interval for GIG
##' @title Initial interval for GIG
##' @param U (n x d)-matrix of simulated data
##' @param h non-negative auxiliary parameter for computing initial intervals
##' @param method "etau" via sample version of Kendall's tau
##' "dmle.G" via DMLE of Gumbel
##' @return (2 x 2)-matrix containing the initial interval [1st row: lower,
##' 2nd row: upper; 2 parameters => 2 cols]
##' @author Marius Hofert
ii.GIG <- function(U, h, method=c("etau","dmle.G")){
stopifnot(h >= 0, length(h) >= 2)
I <- matrix(, nrow=2, ncol=2, dimnames=list(c("lower", "upper"), c("nu", "theta")))
## estimate Kendall's tau
method <- match.arg(method)
tau.hat <- switch(method,
"etau" = { # uses sample version of tau, more accurate but slower
tau.hat.mat <- cor(U, method="kendall")
mean(tau.hat.mat[upper.tri(tau.hat.mat)])
},
"dmle.G" = { # uses DMLE for Gumbel to estimate tau
Z <- apply(U, 1, max)
theta.hat.G <- log(ncol(U))/(log(length(Z))-log(sum(-log(Z))))
copGumbel@tau(theta.hat.G)
},
stop("wrong method:", method))
## compute largest value of theta (for upper left endpoint of the inital interval)
stopifnot(tau.hat > 0)
nu.min <- 0
I[1,1] <- nu.min # smallest value for nu
th.max <- iTau.GIG(max(tau.hat-h[1],0.005), theta=c(nu.min, NA))
I[2,2] <- th.max[2] # largest value for theta
## compute smallest theta (for lower left endpoint of the inital interval)
th.min <- iTau.GIG(min(tau.hat+h[2],0.995), theta=c(nu.min, NA)) # largest attainable tau with 1e-30 is one.m.eps=0.9602
I[1,2] <- th.min[2]
## compute largest nu (for lower right endpoint of the inital interval)
nu.max <- iTau.GIG(max(tau.hat-h[1],0.005), theta=c(NA, th.min[2]))
I[2,1] <- nu.max[1]
## result
I
}
##' -log-likelihood
##' @title -log-likelihood
##' @param nu parameter of the generator/copula
##' @param theta parameter of the generator/copula
##' @param u (n x d)-matrix of simulated data
##' @return -sum(log(density))
##' @author Marius Hofert
nlogl.GIG <- function(nu, theta, u){
if(!is.matrix(u)) u <- rbind(u)
if((d <- ncol(u)) < 2) stop("u should be at least bivariate") # check that d >= 2
-sum(dacopula.GIG(u, theta=c(nu, theta), n.MC=0, log=TRUE))
}
nlogl.GIG. <- function(theta, u) nlogl.GIG(theta[1], theta=theta[2], u=u) # vectorized version
Note: The GIG family is two-parametric.
th1 <- c(0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10)
cols <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "orange", "darkgreen", "turquoise", "blue"),
space="Lab")(length(th1))
par(pty="s")
for(i in seq_along(th1))
curve(tau.GIG(cbind(th1[i],x)), 1e-12, 2,
main="Kendall's tau for the GIG family", ylim=c(0,1),
xlab=expression(theta), ylab=expression(tau(nu,theta)), add=(i>1),
lwd=1.4, col=cols[i])
label <- as.expression(lapply(1:length(th1), function(i) substitute(nu==nu., list(nu.=th1[i]))))
legend("topright", label, bty="n", lwd=1.4, col=cols)
I <- ii.GIG(U, h)
start <- colMeans(I) # initial interval
## 1) Without profiling: optim with method="L-BFGS-B"
if(FALSE) # << don't do it if won't look at it -- takes ca. 16.5 sec
system.time(optim(par=start, method="L-BFGS-B",
fn=function(x) nlogl.GIG(x[1], theta=x[2], u=U),
lower=c(I[1,1], I[1,2]), upper=c(I[2,1], I[2,2])))
## 2) With profiling: via mle (uses optimizer="optim" with method="L-BFGS-B")
nLL <- function(nu, theta) nlogl.GIG(nu, theta, u=U)
system.time(ml <- mle(nLL, method="L-BFGS-B",
start=list(nu=mean(I[,1]), theta=mean(I[,2])),
lower=c(nu=I[1,1], theta=I[1,2]),
upper=c(nu=I[2,1], theta=I[2,2])))
## user system elapsed
## 12.519 0.075 12.672
## Maximum likelihood estimation
##
## Call:
## mle(minuslogl = nLL, start = list(nu = mean(I[, 1]), theta = mean(I[,
## 2])), method = "L-BFGS-B", lower = c(nu = I[1, 1], theta = I[1,
## 2]), upper = c(nu = I[2, 1], theta = I[2, 2]))
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error
## nu 0.19074320 0.06197105
## theta 0.09566594 0.01386170
##
## -2 log L: -994.5633
## List of 6
## $ par : Named num [1:2] 0.1907 0.0957
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "nu" "theta"
## $ value : num -497
## $ counts : Named int [1:2] 30 30
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "function" "gradient"
## $ convergence: int 0
## $ message : chr "CONVERGENCE: REL_REDUCTION_OF_F <= FACTR*EPSMCH"
## $ hessian : num [1:2, 1:2] 264 139 139 5277
## ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
## .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "nu" "theta"
## .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "nu" "theta"
## 3) With profiling: via mle2 (uses optimizer="optim" with method="L-BFGS-B")
system.time(ml2 <- mle2(nlogl.GIG, data=list(u=U), method="L-BFGS-B",
start=list(nu=mean(I[,1]), theta=mean(I[,2])),
lower=c(nu=I[1,1], theta=I[1,2]),
upper=c(nu=I[2,1], theta=I[2,2])))
## user system elapsed
## 14.403 0.007 14.467
## Maximum likelihood estimation
##
## Call:
## mle2(minuslogl = nlogl.GIG, start = list(nu = mean(I[, 1]), theta = mean(I[,
## 2])), method = "L-BFGS-B", data = list(u = U), lower = c(nu = I[1,
## 1], theta = I[1, 2]), upper = c(nu = I[2, 1], theta = I[2,
## 2]))
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(z)
## nu 0.190743 0.060871 3.1336 0.001727 **
## theta 0.095666 0.013684 6.9910 2.729e-12 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## -2 log L: -994.5633
## List of 8
## $ par : Named num [1:2] 0.1907 0.0957
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "nu" "theta"
## $ value : num -497
## $ counts : Named int [1:2] 30 30
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "function" "gradient"
## $ convergence: int 0
## $ message : chr "CONVERGENCE: REL_REDUCTION_OF_F <= FACTR*EPSMCH"
## $ hessian : num [1:2, 1:2] 272 112 112 5387
## $ maxgrad : num 9.36
## $ eratio : num 0.0501
do.profile <- FALSE # set this to TRUE to compute profile-likelihood plots (time-consuming)
if(do.profile){
system.time(prof <- profile(ml))
if(FALSE) { ## FIXME (?)
## maybe this helps: https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2005-July/076003.html
ci <- confint(prof)
ci
plot(prof)
}
system.time(prof2 <- profile(ml2)) # profiling (time-consuming)
(ci <- confint(prof2))
plot(prof2) # => for adjusting stepsize etc., see ?profile.mle2
}
showProc.time()
## Time (user system elapsed): 28.518 0.134 28.795
## Build grid
m <- 20 # number of grid points = number of intervals + 1
th <- seq(I[1,1], I[2,1], length.out=m) # grid points for nu
beta <- seq(I[1,2], I[2,2], length.out=m) # grid points for theta
grid <- expand.grid(theta=th, beta=beta) # grid
base.saveF <- "GIG_vign-nlogl-gr.rds"
saveF <- system.file("rData", base.saveF, package = "copula")
if(nzchar(saveF) && file.exists(saveF)) { # save time, also on CRAN
val.grid <- readRDS(saveF)
} else { ## takes around 45 sec
print(system.time(
## val.grid := values of the -log-likelihood on the grid
val.grid <- apply(grid, 1, nlogl.GIG., u=U)
))
saveF <- file.path(if(dir.exists(sd <- "~/R/Pkgs/copula/inst/rData")) sd
else tempdir(), base.saveF)
saveRDS(val.grid, file = saveF)
cat("saved to saveFile = ", dQuote(saveF), "\n")
}
showProc.time()
## Time (user system elapsed): 0.025 0.007 0.036
true.theta <- theta
true.val <- c(true.theta, nlogl.GIG.(true.theta, u=U)) # theoretical optimum
opt <- ml@coef # optimizer-optimum
opt.val <- c(opt, nlogl.GIG.(opt, u=U)) # optimizer-optimum and its value
pts <- rbind(true.val, opt.val) # points to add to wireframe plot
title <- "-log-likelihood of an Archimedean GIG copula" # title
sub <- substitute(italic(n) == N ~~~ italic(d)== D ~~~
tau == TAU ~~~ "#{eval}:" ~ NIT,
list(N=n, D=d, TAU= tau, NIT= ml@details$counts[[1]]))
sub <- as.expression(sub) # lattice bug
wireframe(val.grid ~ grid[,1] * grid[,2], screen=list(z=70, x=-55), zoom=0.95,
xlab = expression(italic(theta)), ylab = expression(italic(beta)),
zlab = list(as.expression(-log~L * group("(",list(theta,beta),")")), rot=90),
main=title, sub=sub, pts=pts, scales=list(col=1, arrows=FALSE),
par.settings=list(axis.line=list(col="transparent"),
clip=list(panel="off")), zlim=c(min(val.grid, pts[,3]),
max(val.grid, pts[,3])), aspect=1,
panel.3d.wireframe = function(x,y,z,xlim,ylim,zlim,xlim.scaled,
ylim.scaled,zlim.scaled,pts,...) {
panel.3dwire(x=x, y=y, z=z, xlim=xlim, ylim=ylim, zlim=zlim,
xlim.scaled=xlim.scaled, ylim.scaled=ylim.scaled,
zlim.scaled=zlim.scaled, alpha.regions=0.8, ...)
panel.3dscatter(x=pts[,1], y=pts[,2], z=pts[,3],
xlim=xlim, ylim=ylim, zlim=zlim,
xlim.scaled=xlim.scaled, ylim.scaled=ylim.scaled,
zlim.scaled=zlim.scaled, type="p", col=c("red","blue"),
pch=c(3,4), lex=2, cex=1.4, .scale=TRUE, ...)
},
key = list(x=0.64, y=1.01,
points = list(pch=c(3,4), col=c("red","blue"), lwd=2, cex=1.4),
text = list(c("True value", "Optimum of optimizer")), padding.text=3,
cex=1, align=TRUE, transparent=TRUE))
xlim. <- c(min(grid[,1]),max(grid[,1]))
ylim. <- c(min(grid[,2]),max(grid[,2]))
xeps <- (xlim.[2] - xlim.[1]) * 0.04
yeps <- (ylim.[2] - ylim.[1]) * 0.04
cols <- adjustcolor(colorRampPalette(c("darkgreen", "green", "orange", "yellow"),
space="Lab")(100), 0.8)
levelplot(val.grid ~ grid[,1] * grid[,2],
par.settings = list(layout.heights=list(main=3, sub=2),
regions=list(col=cols)),
xlim = c(xlim.[1]-xeps, xlim.[2]+xeps),
ylim = c(ylim.[1]-yeps, ylim.[2]+yeps),
xlab = expression(italic(theta)), ylab=expression(italic(beta)),
main=title, sub=sub, pts=pts, aspect=1,
scales=list(alternating=c(1,1), tck=c(1,0)), contour=TRUE,
panel = function(x, y, z, pts, ...) {
panel.levelplot(x=x, y=y, z=z, ...)
grid.points(x=pts[1,1], y=pts[1,2], pch=3,
gp=gpar(lwd=2, col="red")) # + true value
grid.points(x=pts[2,1], y=pts[2,2], pch=4,
gp=gpar(lwd=2, col="blue")) # x optimum
},
key = list(x=0.18, y=1.08, points = list(pch=c(3,4), col=c("red","blue"),
lwd=2, cex=1.4),
columns=2, text = list(c("True value", "Optimum of optimizer")),
align=TRUE, transparent=TRUE))
## Time (user system elapsed): 0.74 0.02 0.743